: 10–11, 214īefore the steamboat, keelboat men bringing cargo downriver would break up their boats for lumber in New Orleans and travel overland back to Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio or Illinois to repeat the process. Of particular significance were the inventions of the cotton gin in 1793 and steamboat in the early 19th century. The river carried freight and traffic from a huge network of rivers and tributaries, making New Orleans one of the most significant transportation centers in the early United States before the establishment of railroad and road systems. It was a major port near the mouth of the Mississippi River at the Gulf Coast. New Orleans had benefited more than some other cities by the domestic slave trade, Industrial Revolution, international trade, and geographical position. At the time of the Civil War, the population was made up of French-speaking Creoles, refugees from Saint Domingue and the Haitian Revolution, enslaved and free Blacks of African and mixed descent, and recent Irish and German immigrants. Because it was founded by the French and controlled by Spain for a time, New Orleans had a population who were mostly Catholic, and who had created a more cosmopolitan culture than in some of the Protestant-dominated states of the British colonies. The history of New Orleans contrasts significantly with the histories of other cities that were included in the Confederate States of America. It also caught many Confederate generals by surprise who planned for an attack from the north instead of from the gulf of Mexico. This capture of the largest Confederate city was a major turning point and an event of international importance. Army military governor, who caused lasting resentment. Many residents resented the controversial and confrontational administration of the city by its U.S. Philip, the Union was unopposed in its capture of the city itself. The capture of New Orleans (April 25 – May 1, 1862) during the American Civil War was a turning point in the war, which precipitated the capture of the Mississippi River. Map depicting Louisiana and approaches to New Orleans as depicted during the occupation of New Orleans Approaches to New Orleans, Department of the Gulf Map Number 5, Febru
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